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5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5hmdC) is a modified pyrimidine nucleoside and an oxidation derivative of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) in DNA. It serves as a key oxidative intermediate in the active DNA demethylation pathway mediated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins. In biological systems, 5hmdC is deaminated by cytidine deaminase (CDA) into genome-toxic variants of uridine, which are subsequently incorporated into DNA, triggering DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, replication fork instability (associated with PARP1 on chromatin), and cell death. Due to its narrow cytotoxicity profile, which primarily targets cells overexpressing CDA such as grade IV glioma (U87-MG) and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (HAP1) cell lines, 5hmdC is being investigated as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma multiforme and other cancers.
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