adenosine + lidocaine

**Adenosine + lidocaine** is an investigational combination therapy primarily studied for cardioprotection during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and resuscitation in shock states. Adenosine acts as a vasodilator and modulator of cardiac adrenergic responses and neutrophil function, while lidocaine, a local anesthetic, provides antiarrhythmic effects and inhibits neutrophil activation; their synergy limits infarct size (e.g., reducing it to 20.8% of risk area vs. ~47% in controls in canine models) and improves outcomes beyond either agent alone. Administered intravenously or intracoronarily, it induces reversible hypotension, reduces inflammation (e.g., TNF-α), preserves endothelial glycocalyx, and enhances hemodynamic stability, with preclinical evidence in myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic shock, endotoxemia, and trauma models.