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**Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells** are a patient-specific stem cell therapy developed by Royan Institute for surgical repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects of the knee in patients with knee osteoarthritis. In the registered Phase 1 study, the cells were transplanted in combination with a collagen type I scaffold placed at the cartilage-defect site. The intended therapeutic activity is regenerative: mesenchymal stromal cells may support cartilage repair through chondrogenic differentiation potential and local paracrine trophic and immunomodulatory signaling. This was an investigational cell-based product rather than a named, standardized commercial drug product.
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