bevacizumab + ipilimumab + nivolumab

This is a combination therapy consisting of three monoclonal antibodies—bevacizumab, ipilimumab, and nivolumab—used in oncology clinical trials. - **Bevacizumab** is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), thereby blocking angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) essential for tumor growth. - **Ipilimumab** is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), acting as an immune checkpoint inhibitor to enhance T-cell activation and proliferation. - **Nivolumab** is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that targets programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), another immune checkpoint, further promoting anti-tumor immune responses. The rationale for combining these agents lies in their complementary mechanisms: bevacizumab disrupts the tumor vasculature and may improve immune cell infiltration into tumors, while ipilimumab and nivolumab together provide dual checkpoint blockade to maximize anti-tumor immunity. This combination has been explored in advanced solid tumors such as metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer, particularly those with microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient status[8][10].