cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + gemcitabine

This is a combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of three cytotoxic agents—cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine. Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that interferes with DNA replication and RNA transcription by cross-linking DNA strands, leading to cell death. Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic that intercalates into DNA, inhibits topoisomerase II, and generates free radicals causing cytotoxicity. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog (antimetabolite) that incorporates into DNA during replication, resulting in chain termination and apoptosis. This combination has been investigated primarily for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer[1]. The regimen aims to exploit the complementary mechanisms of action of each drug to maximize antitumor efficacy.