gemcitabine + sintilimab

A combination therapy consisting of gemcitabine, a nucleoside analog that inhibits DNA synthesis, and sintilimab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Gemcitabine works by being phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete with deoxycytidine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA, leading to DNA chain termination and apoptotic cell death. Sintilimab blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), enhancing T cell immune surveillance and killing ability against tumors. This combination has shown promising efficacy in various cancer types including non-small cell lung cancer and biliary tract cancer.