interferon gamma + granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

This is a combination of two recombinant cytokines—interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Both are biologic immunomodulators. Interferon gamma is a type II interferon that activates macrophages and enhances antigen presentation by increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages from bone marrow progenitors. When used together, these cytokines have been shown to synergistically enhance the pro-inflammatory response of immune cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and macrophages. This combination augments antifungal activity against pathogens like zygomycetes by increasing oxidative burst capacity, hyphal damage, and release of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8)[1][3][7]. The combination has been studied primarily as an adjunctive immunotherapy in severe fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.

Other names

IFN-gamma + GM-CSFinterferon-γ + GM-CSFIFN-γ + granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor