interleukin-2 + bacillus calmette guerin

This is a combination therapy consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and activation of immune cells, and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis used as an immunotherapy. The combination is primarily investigated for the treatment of superficial or non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. BCG acts by inducing a local immune response in the bladder, while IL-2 further enhances antitumor immunity by promoting T-cell and natural killer cell activity. Clinical studies have shown that this combination can result in higher remission rates compared to BCG alone, with significant tumor regression observed in patients[2][3][6]. Preclinical models also demonstrate enhanced suppression of tumor growth and increased survival when both agents are used together[4][6].