levobupivacaine + ketorolac + epinephrine

This multi-component analgesic cocktail is used for local periarticular infiltration to manage postoperative pain, specifically studied in the context of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The combination consists of **levobupivacaine** (marketed as Chirocaine), a long-acting amide-type local anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels to inhibit nerve conduction; **ketorolac**, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation; and **epinephrine**, a sympathomimetic amine that acts as a vasoconstrictor to delay the systemic absorption of the local anesthetic, thereby prolonging its effect and reducing local bleeding. In the clinical trial NCT03025594, this combination served as the standard-of-care comparator against Gonyautoxins (GTX 2/3) to evaluate efficacy in pain control and morphine reduction following surgery for osteoarthritis.

Other names

Chirocaine + ketorolac + epinephrineChirocaine ketorolac epinephrineChirocaine + ketorolac + epinephrine-maximiliano barahona vasquez-postoperative painstandard analgesic cocktailperiarticular injection cocktail