nivolumab + cisplatin

Nivolumab + cisplatin is a combination of two pharmaceutical drugs: **nivolumab**, a monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1 (programmed death-1) receptor, and **cisplatin**, a platinum-based cytotoxic chemotherapy agent. This combination is used, commonly in conjunction with gemcitabine, as part of first-line therapy for adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Nivolumab enhances antitumor immune responses by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2, thus restoring T-cell activity. Cisplatin forms DNA crosslinks, leading to apoptosis of rapidly dividing tumor cells. The combination leverages the immunomodulatory effect of nivolumab with the cytotoxic action of cisplatin to produce greater clinical efficacy than chemotherapy alone for certain cancer indications[1][2][3][4][5].