PD-1 + PD-L1 + CTLA-4 inhibitors

This refers to the combination use of three classes of immune checkpoint inhibitors—PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, and CTLA-4 inhibitors. These are monoclonal antibody drugs that target key regulatory proteins on T cells (PD-1, CTLA-4) or their ligand (PD-L1) on tumor or immune cells. By blocking these checkpoints, the drugs release the "brakes" on the immune system, enhancing T-cell mediated anti-tumor activity. This triple blockade is being explored in clinical trials for various cancers to further boost anti-tumor immunity beyond what is achieved with single or dual checkpoint inhibition. The most common agents in each class include pembrolizumab and nivolumab (PD-1), atezolizumab and durvalumab (PD-L1), and ipilimumab (CTLA-4). Triple combinations are not yet standard of care but are under investigation for difficult-to-treat malignancies.

Other names

PD-1 and PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitorsPD1 and PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitorsPD 1 and PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitorstriple checkpoint inhibitor combination