PD-1 antibody + COX inhibitor

This is a combination therapy consisting of a programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody and a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. PD-1 antibodies are immune checkpoint inhibitors that block the interaction between PD-1 on T cells and its ligands, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Commonly used PD-1 antibodies include pembrolizumab and nivolumab. COX inhibitors, such as aspirin or celecoxib, inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, which can modulate inflammation and tumor microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that combining COX inhibitors with anti–PD-1 therapy can enhance tumor regression by reducing immunosuppressive prostaglandins like PGE2 and improving T cell activation. This combination is being investigated primarily for cancers such as colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability-high/deficient mismatch repair (MSI-H/dMMR) or high tumor mutation burden (TMB), but also in other solid tumors including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, and renal cell carcinoma[1][2][4][6][7].