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PD-1 inhibitor + axitinib refers to the combination of a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (such as pembrolizumab or toripalimab) with axitinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). This combination is used primarily for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and has also shown activity in metastatic mucosal melanoma. The PD-1 inhibitor blocks the interaction between PD-1 on T cells and its ligands, enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Axitinib inhibits angiogenesis by selectively blocking VEGFR 1–3 signaling pathways, thereby reducing tumor blood supply and growth. The combination leverages both immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic mechanisms to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients[6][4][5].
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