perindopril + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide

Perindopril + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide is a fixed-dose combination of three antihypertensive agents used for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). Each component acts via a distinct mechanism to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk: - Perindopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It works by inhibiting ACE, thereby reducing the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. This leads to vasodilation, decreased aldosterone secretion, increased bradykinin availability, and reduced total peripheral resistance[8][2]. Perindopril also has beneficial effects on cardiovascular structure and function. - Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) that inhibits the influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells. This results in relaxation of blood vessels, lowering peripheral vascular resistance and thus reducing blood pressure[2][5]. - Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that promotes excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney. This reduces plasma volume and decreases cardiac output as well as peripheral resistance[5]. The combination provides additive or synergistic antihypertensive effects by targeting different physiological pathways involved in blood pressure regulation.