RGD-EV + TβR

RGD-EV + TβR refers to a drug combination that incorporates an *RGD*-modified extracellular vesicle (RGD-EV) and an intervention targeting the *TGF-β receptor* (TβR). The RGD motif (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) is used to enhance targeting to integrin receptors, promoting selective delivery to tumor cells, while the TGF-β receptor component is intended to modulate the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which is implicated in tumor progression, metastasis, and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). RGD peptides, including cyclic forms such as cilengitide, are used to deliver therapeutic payloads to cancer cells by binding integrins such as αvβ3 and αvβ5. Therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β signaling include use of soluble TGF-β receptors or receptor traps to block ligand binding and inhibit downstream pro-tumorigenic signaling[1][2][4]. This combination is under investigation preclinically or in early translational studies, especially in oncology, to synergistically suppress tumor growth and metastasis by co-targeting integrin-mediated cell interactions and TGF-β-driven signaling pathways.