serplulimab + paclitaxel + apatinib

This is a combination therapy consisting of serplulimab (an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody), paclitaxel (a chemotherapy agent), and apatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR-2). Serplulimab works by blocking the PD-1 receptor, preventing its interaction with PD-L1/PD-L2 and enhancing T cell activation. It has shown a unique mechanism of inducing PD-1 receptor endocytosis and reducing PD-1-CD28 cis interactions, which may mitigate CD28 dephosphorylation by SHP2 and facilitate sustained T cell activation. Paclitaxel is a taxane that stabilizes microtubules, preventing cell division. Apatinib inhibits VEGFR-2, blocking angiogenesis in tumors.