spartalizumab + sorafenib

A combination therapy of **spartalizumab**, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and **sorafenib**, a small molecule multikinase inhibitor with activity against RAF kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Spartalizumab acts as an immune checkpoint inhibitor by preventing PD-1 from binding to its ligands, resulting in enhanced T-cell activation and antitumor immune response. Sorafenib inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis via blockade of signaling pathways mediated through its kinase targets. This combination is under clinical investigation for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Combination therapy aims to exploit synergistic effects between immune checkpoint blockade and kinase inhibition to improve antitumor efficacy.