Gosset Antioxidant defense mechanisms Overview
Antioxidant defense mechanisms comprise enzymatic systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and related enzymes) as well as non-enzymatic molecules (glutathione, vitamins C and E, polyphenols) that work together to neutralize reactive oxygen species and free radicals[1][2][4][5][6]. These mechanisms protect against oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, and are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis[1]. Disruption of antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress, implicated in the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and aging[4][7][8]. Drug therapies that mimic or stimulate antioxidant defense are an active area of research, but must be approached carefully as excessive antioxidant supplementation can interfere with normal cellular signaling and potentially have adverse effects[1][4][2].
Mechanism of Action
Free radical scavenging, Activation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression, Inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes
Biological Functions
Disease Associations
Safety Considerations
- Over-supplementation may disrupt redox homeostasis[1]
- Antioxidants may interfere with ROS-based signaling needed for normal cellular functions[4]
- Possible pro-oxidant effects at high concentrations[2]
Interacting Drugs
Associated Biomarkers
| Biomarker |
|---|
| 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, for DNA oxidation) |
| Malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) |
| Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels/activity |
| Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) |