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Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)
- Target
- MSC
- Molecular classification
- Stem cell, Multipotent progenitor, Other
01
Overview
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent adult progenitor cells found in various tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood and others. They possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells such as osteoblasts (bone), chondrocytes (cartilage), adipocytes (fat), myocytes (muscle), hepatocytes (liver), neural cells among others. Their primary mechanisms include modulation of the immune response—mainly by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines that suppress T lymphocyte activation/proliferation—and promotion of tissue repair through paracrine signaling. These properties make them attractive candidates for regenerative medicine applications across inflammatory diseases, autoimmune conditions, neurodegenerative disorders and musculoskeletal injuries. However their clinical use is challenged by variability between preparations/sources and concerns about long-term safety or unintended effects.
- Other names
- Mesenchymal stromal cellMultipotent mesenchymal stromal cellMSCBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC)Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC)
02
Mechanism of action
Paracrine secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines and growth factors to suppress immune responses and promote tissue repair Direct suppression of T lymphocyte activation/proliferation through secreted factors such as TGF-beta and IL‑10 Differentiation into various somatic cells for tissue regeneration/replacement
03
Biological functions
Immune system modulation via paracrine effect and cytokine regulationSuppression of T lymphocyte activation/proliferationPromotion of tissue repair and regenerationAnti-inflammatory activityDifferentiation into multiple lineages including neural, hepatic, epithelial, endothelial, muscle, pancreatic, lung, corneal, oral mucosal lineages
04
Disease associations
InflammationAutoimmune diseaseNeurodegenerative diseaseMusculoskeletal disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis)Cancer (as both therapeutic agent and potential tumor microenvironment modulator)Cardiovascular diseaseTissue injury/repair
05
Safety considerations
Heterogeneity in source/preparation leading to variable efficacy/outcomesPotential for unwanted differentiation or pro-tumorigenic effects in some contexts (e.g., cancer)Senescence with donor age or prolonged culture reducing therapeutic potencyRisk of immune reactions if not properly matched/prepared
06
Biomarkers
No universal biomarker for patient selection; however lineage-specific markers such as CD73+, CD90+, CD105+ with lack of hematopoietic markers like CD45– are used to identify MSCs in research/clinical settings.
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