Molecular Classification
Other (physiological process), Involves: Chemoreceptors (e.g., carotid body chemoreceptor cells), ion channels (e.g., connexin 26), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), and central nervous system pathways
Other Names
CO₂ homeostasis, Regulation of carbon dioxide levels, Carbon dioxide chemosensation
Disease Roles
Respiratory disorders (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome)Metabolic acidosis/alkalosisObesity hypoventilation syndrome

Carbon dioxide homeostasis regulation Overview

Carbon dioxide homeostasis regulation refers to the tightly controlled physiological mechanisms that maintain stable levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues. This involves peripheral chemoreceptors—primarily located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch—that sense changes in blood PCO2 and pH. When elevated CO₂ is detected, these receptors signal respiratory centers in the brainstem to increase ventilation rate, promoting exhalation of excess CO₂ and restoring acid-base balance[1][2][3]. At the molecular level, this response involves ion channels such as connexin hemichannels sensitive to direct modification by CO₂ molecules as well as indirect effects via changes in pH mediated by enzymes like carbonic anhydrase[1]. Chronic dysregulation contributes to various diseases including COPD and congenital hypoventilation syndromes[2]. This entry does not represent a single druggable target, but rather encompasses multiple sensors, effectors, signaling pathways, and feedback loops essential for maintaining systemic acid-base equilibrium through control of respiration.

Mechanism of Action

Not applicable for the process itself; for related drugs: Modulation of carbonic anhydrase activity alters CO₂/bicarbonate equilibrium. CNS stimulants can increase respiratory rate and thus CO₂ elimination.

Biological Functions

Acid-base balance
Respiratory drive regulation
Blood pH maintenance
Homeostatic feedback control of ventilation

Disease Associations

Respiratory disorders (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome)
Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Safety Considerations

  • Not applicable as there is no direct targeting agent; however,
  • Disruption in CO₂ homeostasis can lead to life-threatening acid-base disturbances.
  • Overcorrection with ventilatory support can cause alkalosis.

Interacting Drugs

Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
Respiratory stimulants/depressants

Associated Biomarkers

Biomarker
Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
Blood pH
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration