CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg)

CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes that play a central role in maintaining immune system balance. Their primary function is to suppress excessive or inappropriate immune responses, thereby preventing autoimmunity and maintaining self-tolerance. They achieve these effects through multiple mechanisms such as cytokine secretion (e.g., IL‑10, TGF‑β), metabolic disruption via IL‑2 consumption, direct cell-cell contact inhibition via CTLA‑4 signaling, and modulation of antigen-presenting cell function. Dysfunction or deficiency in regulatory T cell number or activity can result in autoimmune diseases. Conversely, increased numbers or activity can contribute to cancer progression by suppressing anti-tumor immunity.

Other names

Regulatory T cellTregCD4+ suppressor T cell

Modulation of immune cell activity via cytokine secretion (IL-10, TGF-β), IL-2 consumption, CTLA-4 signaling, and modulation of antigen-presenting cell function.