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Cellular Macromolecules (Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) via Free Radical Generation (N/A)
- Target
- N/A
- Molecular classification
- Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acid, DNA, RNA
01
Overview
Cellular macromolecules—lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)—are major targets of free radical attack. Free radicals, generated endogenously through metabolism or exogenously from environmental sources, cause damage by abstracting electrons, initiating chain reactions that disrupt membrane integrity (lipid peroxidation), alter enzyme activity and protein function (protein oxidation), and induce mutations and impair replication/repair mechanisms (DNA/RNA oxidation). While low levels of ROS/RNS participate in signaling, overproduction leads to oxidative stress, implicated in aging and diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and inflammation. Cells possess enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GPx) and nonenzymatic (glutathione, uric acid) antioxidant systems to neutralize free radicals.
- Other names
- Lipid PeroxidationProtein OxidationDNA OxidationRNA OxidationOxidative DamageFree Radical DamageReactive Oxygen Species TargetsReactive Nitrogen Species Targets
02
Mechanism of action
N/A
03
Biological functions
Cell StructureEnergy StorageSignal TransductionCatalysisGenetic Information StorageGene ExpressionReplicationTranscriptionTranslation
04
Disease associations
AgingCancerNeurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's)Cardiovascular disordersDiabetes complicationsInflammatory conditionsAtherosclerosisParkinson's Disease
05
Safety considerations
Off-target effects of antioxidantsPotential for pro-oxidant activity of some antioxidants at high concentrationsDrug interactions with antioxidant supplementsDifficulty in targeting specific macromolecules for therapeutic intervention
06
Interacting drugs
Antioxidants (e.g., Vitamin E, Vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, Resveratrol)
4 more in the full profile.
07
Biomarkers
Malondialdehyde (MDA)4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)Protein carbonylsAdvanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
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