Glioblastoma multiforme antigens (GBM antigens) (GBM antigens)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) antigens represent a heterogeneous group of proteins and molecules that are either uniquely expressed or significantly overexpressed in glioblastoma cells compared to normal brain tissue [1, 2]. These antigens include tumor-specific mutations such as the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), as well as overexpressed surface receptors like interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and B7-H3 (CD276) [4, 6, 11]. Biologically, many of these antigens function as signaling molecules that drive tumor growth, invasion, and resistance to apoptosis, making them attractive targets for precision medicine [6, 8]. Therapeutic approaches targeting these antigens encompass a wide range of immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, peptide and mRNA vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies [1, 12]. Despite their potential, the clinical utility of targeting GBM antigens is often limited by the high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity and the emergence of antigen-negative clones, a process known as antigen escape [4, 11, 12].

Other names

GBM-associated antigensGlioma-associated antigensGlioblastoma tumor antigensTumor-associated antigens of glioblastoma

Mechanisms include Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell activation, active immunization via peptide or mRNA vaccines, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) mediated cytotoxicity, and bispecific T-cell engagement [1, 4, 11, 12].