Gremlin-2, DAN family BMP antagonist (GREM2)

Gremlin-2, DAN family BMP antagonist (GREM2) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the DAN domain family characterized by a cysteine knot motif and antagonist activity toward bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), especially BMP2 and BMP4[3][1]. By directly binding BMPs, GREM2 inhibits BMP-mediated signaling, influencing critical processes including embryonic morphogenesis, skeletal development, tooth formation, adipose tissue regulation, and cardiac development and repair[2][3]. Structurally, GREM2 forms homo- and heterodimers, and exerts its biological effects by physically preventing BMPs from activating their cellular receptors, modulating pathways essential for normal patterning and organogenesis. Dysregulation of GREM2 expression or function has been linked to disorders such as selective tooth agenesis, aberrant bone formation, and cardiovascular pathologies[2][3].

Other names

Gremlin-2GREM2CKTSF1B2DAND3PRDCProtein related to DAN and cerberusCysteine knot superfamily 1BMP antagonist 2DAN domain family member 3

Antagonism of BMP2, BMP4, and related BMPs via direct binding; Inhibition of BMP-driven Smad/Runx2 signaling; Modulation of noncanonical BMP pathways (e.g., JNK activation in cardiac tissue)