Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (H. pylori)

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the human stomach (StatPearls, 2023). It is uniquely adapted to survive the acidic environment of the gastric lumen through the production of urease, which neutralizes stomach acid by producing ammonia (NIH, 2023). H. pylori infection is a primary cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers and is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen due to its strong association with gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma (IARC, 2012). The bacterium utilizes various virulence factors to manipulate host immune responses and maintain long-term colonization (PubMed, 2021). Therapeutic strategies typically involve a combination of antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin, alongside acid-suppressing agents to eradicate the organism (Mayo Clinic, 2022). The rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains represents a significant global health challenge and a major cause of treatment failure (WHO, 2017).

Other names

Campylobacter pyloriH. pyloriGastric helicobacter

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis via 50S or 30S ribosomal subunits, DNA strand breakage through nitroreduction, and inhibition of DNA gyrase.