Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Viral protein U (Vpu) (Vpu)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Viral protein U (Vpu) is an 81-amino acid accessory protein essential for the efficient replication and dissemination of HIV-1 (UniProt P05919). It is a type I transmembrane protein classified as a viroporin due to its ability to form oligomeric cation-selective ion channels in host cell membranes (PubMed: 22135535). Vpu performs two primary functions: it induces the degradation of the CD4 receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to prevent premature binding with the viral envelope protein, and it antagonizes the host restriction factor tetherin (BST-2) to facilitate the release of progeny virions from the cell surface (Wikipedia). Additionally, Vpu contributes to immune evasion by downregulating various cell surface molecules like MHC-II and CD1d, and by inhibiting NF-kappa-B signaling (PubMed: 30714901). Because of its critical roles in the viral life cycle, Vpu is a significant therapeutic target, with small molecules like BIT225 being developed to inhibit its ion channel activity and disrupt its interactions with host proteins (Biotron Limited). Targeting Vpu offers a strategy to both reduce viral load and restore the host's innate immune response against infected cells.

Other names

Viral protein UVpu proteinp16HIV-1 Vpu

Inhibition of Vpu-mediated ion channel activity and disruption of viral release mechanisms