Hydroxyapatite (Tooth enamel mineral) (HAP)

Tooth enamel is the most highly mineralized tissue in the human body, consisting of approximately 96% inorganic material, primarily carbonated hydroxyapatite [1]. It functions as a protective barrier for the internal structures of the tooth and provides the necessary hardness for chewing [1][2]. The mineral surface is dynamic, constantly undergoing cycles of demineralization and remineralization influenced by oral pH and bacterial activity [3]. As a therapeutic target, the enamel surface is the site of action for various preventive dental treatments [3][4]. Fluoride ions interact with the hydroxyapatite crystals to form fluorapatite, which is less soluble in acidic environments created by cariogenic bacteria [4]. Other agents, such as silver diamine fluoride, target the surface to arrest existing decay through the formation of silver-protein conjugates and metallic silver [5]. Remineralization therapies aim to deposit calcium and phosphate ions back into the porous enamel matrix to restore structural integrity [6]. Understanding the physicochemical properties of this surface is essential for developing treatments for dental caries, erosion, and hypersensitivity [1][3].

Other names

Dental enamelCarbonated hydroxyapatiteTooth mineral surfaceCalcium hydroxyapatiteEnamel mineral

Promotion of remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, formation of acid-resistant fluorapatite, and occlusion of dentinal tubules.