Innate and adaptive immune receptors (MF59-mediated)

The target refers to the collective network of innate and adaptive immune receptors and signaling pathways stimulated by the MF59 adjuvant, a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion (O'Hagan et al., 2012). MF59 does not interact with a single specific receptor but instead acts as a signal amplifier that creates a local immunocompetent environment at the injection site (Seubert et al., 2008). It triggers the recruitment of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and enhances the uptake and presentation of antigens by antigen-presenting cells. Molecularly, this activation involves the release of endogenous danger signals like ATP, which activates the P2X7 receptor and the NLRP3 inflammasome (Vono et al., 2013). These events lead to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, ultimately driving a potent and diverse adaptive immune response characterized by high antibody titers and T-cell activation (Ellebedy et al., 2011). MF59 is primarily utilized in seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines to enhance immunogenicity, particularly in elderly populations where immune senescence may limit vaccine efficacy. The adjuvant's ability to broaden the immune response also makes it valuable for addressing antigenic drift in viral strains.

Other names

MF59-mediated immune activationSqualene-based adjuvant signalingMF59 mechanism of actionMF59-induced immunocompetent environmentInnate and adaptive immune receptors via MF59 adjuvant-mediated immune activation

1. Induction of a local immunocompetent environment at the injection site; 2. Rapid recruitment of immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes; 3. Enhancement of antigen uptake and transport to draining lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells; 4. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and P2X7 receptor via the release of endogenous ATP; 5. Stimulation of MyD88-dependent signaling pathways to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines.