Innate pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) (PRR)

Innate pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are a diverse class of germline-encoded host sensors that detect conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (Li et al., 2021, Signal Transduct Target Ther). These receptors, which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are primarily expressed by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages (Kawai & Akira, 2010, Nat Immunol). Upon activation by ligands—including vaccine adjuvants or residual motifs from pathogens—PRRs initiate signaling cascades that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, and the maturation of the adaptive immune response (Reed et al., 2013, Nat Med). In the context of therapeutics, PRRs are targeted to enhance the efficacy of vaccines (as adjuvants) or to stimulate anti-tumor immunity in oncology (Kawai & Akira, 2011, Immunity). Conversely, dysregulated PRR signaling is implicated in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, making them targets for inhibitory drugs (Thompson et al., 2011, Mucosal Immunol).

Other names

Pattern recognition receptorsPRRsPathogen recognition receptorsInnate immune receptors

Agonism of PRRs to induce innate immune activation and enhance adaptive immunity; Antagonism of PRRs to suppress pathological inflammation.