Magnesium ion (Mg2+) (Mg2+)

Magnesium is a vital divalent cation that serves as an essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic systems, including those responsible for protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation [1, 2]. It is required for the structural integrity of DNA, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione, and it plays a critical role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes [2, 3]. In a clinical context, systemic magnesium-dependent processes are targeted through the administration of magnesium salts to treat conditions such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, and certain cardiac arrhythmias like Torsades de Pointes [1, 4]. Magnesium acts as a physiological calcium channel blocker and an NMDA receptor antagonist, which contributes to its anticonvulsant and sedative properties [1, 5]. Maintaining magnesium homeostasis is crucial, as imbalances are linked to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and various neurological disorders [2, 6]. (Citations: [1] StatPearls, Magnesium, 2023; [2] NIH ODS, Magnesium Fact Sheet, 2022; [3] PubChem, Magnesium, CID 5462224; [4] Al Alawi et al., Int J Endocrinol, 2018; [5] de Baaij et al., Physiol Rev, 2015; [6] Jahnen-Dechent & Ketteler, Clin Kidney J, 2012).

Other names

MagnesiumMagnesium cationMg(II)Systemic magnesium-dependent processes

Magnesium acts as a critical cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, particularly those involving ATP (e.g., kinases and ATPases). It functions as a physiological calcium channel blocker and a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which modulates neuronal excitability and muscle contraction.