Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (and 2) (MSK1 (MSK2))

**Mitogen- and stress-activated kinases (MSK1 and MSK2)** are nuclear kinases activated by phosphorylation through ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways. They phosphorylate several substrates, including the transcription factor CREB and histone H3, regulating expression of immediate early genes relevant for cellular stress response, inflammation, and neuronal plasticity. In immune cells, MSKs are important anti-inflammatory regulators, modulating the production of cytokines such as IL-10. In neurons, MSKs contribute to synaptic plasticity and cellular proliferation. MSKs are part of the MAPK-activated protein kinase family (MAPKAPK), which forms a key step in signal transmission from surface receptors to changes in gene expression.

Other names

MSK1MSK2ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5RPS6KA5RPS6KA4

Drugs inhibiting p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 prevent activation of MSK1/2, reducing downstream phosphorylation of CREB and histone H3. Modulation of cytokine production (e.g., enhancing anti-inflammatory IL-10, reducing TNFα, IL-6).