Multiple predicted protein targets related to insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis

The entry 'Multiple predicted protein targets related to insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis' is not a single therapeutic target but a descriptive category used in multi-target drug discovery and network pharmacology (Hopkins, A. L. (2008). Nature Chemical Biology, 4(11), 682-690). It refers to a collection of proteins that collectively mediate metabolic and survival signals, such as the Insulin Receptor (INSR), AKT serine/threonine kinase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Caspase-3 (Zhang, R., et al. (2019). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine). These pathways are functionally linked; for example, oxidative stress can inhibit insulin signaling via JNK activation, while insulin resistance can promote apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction (Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006). Nature, 444(7121), 860-867). Because it encompasses multiple distinct molecular classes—including receptors, kinases, and enzymes—it cannot be assigned a single canonical identifier or molecular classification. Consequently, this term is considered 'incorrect' as a discrete target name and instead represents a pathway-level therapeutic strategy for complex diseases like Type 2 Diabetes and neurodegeneration.

Other names

Insulin-Oxidative-Apoptotic signaling networkMulti-target metabolic signaling nodesInsulin signaling/Oxidative stress/Apoptosis pathway cluster

Polypharmacological modulation of multiple signaling nodes to restore metabolic homeostasis and cellular survival.