Neurovascular unit (Endothelial cells, pericytes, and neurovascular support cells) (NVU)

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a multicellular complex comprising endothelial cells, pericytes, and neurovascular support cells such as astrocytes and microglia, which collectively maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (PubMed: 30116117). Endothelial cells form the structural foundation of the BBB through specialized tight junctions, while pericytes reside within the basement membrane to regulate vascular stability and capillary diameter (NIH: NBK546668). These cells interact dynamically with astrocytes to regulate cerebral blood flow in response to neuronal demand, a process known as neurovascular coupling. In pathological states such as ischemic stroke or Alzheimer's disease, the NVU undergoes significant remodeling or breakdown, leading to increased permeability, neuroinflammation, and neuronal dysfunction (PubMed: 22735037). While the NVU is not a single molecular target, its components are frequently targeted by drugs like VEGF inhibitors or vasodilators to manage vascular-related neurological conditions.

Other names

NVUBlood-brain barrier componentsCerebral microvasculatureNeurovascular support system

Modulation of vascular permeability, stabilization of the blood-brain barrier, and regulation of cerebral blood flow through the action on specific cellular components like endothelial tight junctions or pericyte contractility.