Renalase, FAD-dependent amine oxidase (RNLS)

Renalase is a secreted FAD-dependent amine oxidase enzyme encoded by the RNLS gene, predominantly produced by the kidney and released into the bloodstream. It functions principally in the metabolism of circulating biogenic amines (notably catecholamines), thereby regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and systemic sympathetic tone. Renalase also catalyzes the oxidation of atypical NAD(P)H isomers, alleviating primary metabolism enzyme inhibition. Beyond its enzymatic roles, renalase acts as a growth/survival factor (cytokine-like), activates cell signaling through PI3K and MAPK pathways, and is implicated in cancer cell survival. Decreased renalase levels are associated with ESRD and increased cardiovascular morbidity. The physiological and pathophysiological footprint spans cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, and oncologic disease, with several lines of research exploring therapeutic manipulation and biomarker utility.

Other names

RenalaseRNLSC10orf59FLJ11218Monoamine oxidase-CMAO-Calpha-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase

Recombinant renalase lowers plasma catecholamine levels and blood pressure, primarily by catabolism of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and through PI3K/MAPK signaling. Cytoprotective effect mediated by cell signaling pathways independent of enzymatic function. Dopaminergic agonists affect renalase expression via PKC signaling.