SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S protein) (S)

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S protein) is the primary surface protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and is responsible for mediating viral entry into host cells. It functions by binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor via its receptor-binding domain (RBD) and subsequently facilitating the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Due to its essential role in infection and its accessibility on the viral surface, the Spike protein is the central target for the majority of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. mRNA vaccines, such as BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, utilize lipid nanoparticles to deliver mRNA encoding the Spike protein into human cells, which then express the protein to elicit a robust immune response. Monoclonal antibodies like Sotrovimab and the Casirivimab/Imdevimab cocktail work by binding directly to the Spike protein, thereby neutralizing the virus and preventing it from infecting cells. However, the emergence of viral variants with mutations in the Spike protein poses a significant challenge, as these changes can lead to reduced sensitivity to existing vaccines and treatments.

Other names

Spike glycoproteinS proteinSurface glycoproteinSARS-CoV-2 S proteinSpike protein

Antigen for vaccine-induced immunity; Neutralization of viral entry by blocking the interaction between the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) and host ACE2 receptor.