Transforming growth factor beta 1; Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β1; TGF-β3)

Transforming growth factor beta 1 and transforming growth factor beta 3 are secreted cytokines belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. They are synthesized as precursor proteins, which are cleaved to release the mature 25 kDa homodimeric protein. TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 exert their biological activity by binding to cell surface receptors (TGF-β type I and II), forming a heterotetrameric signaling complex that activates intracellular SMAD proteins, as well as various non-canonical signaling pathways (Rho GTPase, PI3K/AKT). These proteins regulate development, immune homeostasis, tissue remodeling, cell migration, and apoptosis, and their dysregulation is implicated in a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, fibrotic disorders, developmental syndromes, and cardiovascular conditions. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 are broadly recognized drug targets with overlapping but distinct roles in physiology and disease. Their pathways are a focus for therapeutic development, but interventions targeting these proteins must consider pleiotropic effects and safety concerns such as immunosuppression and fibrosis.

Other names

TGF beta 1TGF-beta 1TGFB1TGF beta 3TGF-beta 3TGFB3RNHFLAP

Inhibition of ligand-receptor binding (neutralizing antibodies); Kinase inhibition (block downstream SMAD phosphorylation); Disruption of signaling pathways (Rho GTPase, PI3K/AKT, SMAD transcription factors)