1D11

**1D11** is a murine immunoglobulin G1 (**IgG1**) monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all three mammalian isoforms of **transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3)**. It is highly specific, with no binding to other ligands in the TGF-β superfamily, such as activin or bone morphogenetic proteins. Mechanistically, 1D11 blocks TGF-β signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Smad2 and the transcriptional activation of canonical TGF-β target genes. This results in downregulation of pro-fibrotic and pro-survival signaling, including suppression of cell cycle inhibitor p21, fibronectin, and COL1A2 expression, and inhibition of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-JAK-Stat3 pathway activation. Preclinical studies have shown 1D11 prevents or ameliorates fibrotic progression in various rodent kidney fibrosis models, reduces leukemia burden, and can sensitize acute myeloid leukemia (**AML**) cells to chemotherapy. It is not an approved pharmaceutical but has been an important research tool and a prototype for humanized, clinical-grade anti-TGF-β antibodies such as **GC1008**[3][1][5][7].

Brand names

1D11

Other names

1D11