3-(3-pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone

3-(3-Pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone (PMID) is a synthetic small molecule derivative of 2-indolinone that acts as a potent activator of the **Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)** signaling pathway. It functions by disrupting the interaction between **Cullin 3 (Cul3)** and **Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)**, which prevents the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. This stabilization leads to the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the induction of **Antioxidant Response Element (ARE)**-mediated transcription of cytoprotective genes, including **Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)**, **NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)**, and **Superoxide dismutase (SOD)**. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PMID confers protection against oxidative stress-mediated cell death and reduces the severity of colonic injury in murine models of colitis by inhibiting **NF-kappaB** activation and promoting Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses.

Other names

3-(pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one