afzelin

Afzelin is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside, chemically known as kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and is found in multiple plant species, especially in Thesium chinense and Cornus macrophylla[1][4][8][14]. Afzelin has **anti-inflammatory**, **antioxidant**, **anti-apoptotic**, **antibacterial**, **DNA-protective**, and **cardioprotective** properties[1][9][15][16]. Its mechanisms include modulating cellular pathways associated with inflammation (notably MAPK and NF-κB), oxidative stress, and apoptosis[3][16]. It acts as an **aldose reductase inhibitor** (AR), modulates **CREB-BDNF signaling**, and upregulates proteins such as AMPKα and SIRT1[1][3]. Preclinical research supports its neuroprotective activity (notably ameliorating synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in animal models), its potential activity against neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), asthma (via GATA3 inhibition), doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, and anti-cancer effects through apoptosis and inflammation inhibition[1][3][5][7].

Other names

kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosidekaempferol3-O-rhamnosidekaempferol 3-O-rhamnosidekaempferinkaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosidekaempferol 3-rhamnosidekaempferol3-rhamnosidekaempferol-3-rhamnosideafzelosidekaempferol 3-O-glucorhamnosidekaempferol3-O-glucorhamnosidekaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside