anti–CTLA-4 antibodies

Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are a class of immune checkpoint inhibitors that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4), a receptor expressed on T cells that acts as an immune checkpoint to downregulate immune responses. By binding to CTLA-4, these antibodies block its interaction with ligands CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on antigen-presenting cells. This blockade prevents the inhibitory signaling cascade, thereby promoting T-cell activation, proliferation, and anti-tumor immune responses. Clinically, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (such as ipilimumab and tremelimumab) are utilized in oncology, often in combination with other immunotherapies like anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, to treat various malignancies including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Other names

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