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Bacteroides fragilis BF839 is a non-toxic, non-enterotoxigenic, gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacillus originally isolated from a healthy infant in 1983. Classified as a next-generation probiotic (NGP) or live biotherapeutic product (LBP), it is widely used in China to address gut microbiota dysbiosis-related conditions such as constipation and diarrhea. Beyond its use as a probiotic, BF839 has been investigated in clinical settings for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), autoimmune diseases, and refractory epilepsy. Its mechanism of action involves restoring gut microbial diversity, strengthening the intestinal barrier, and modulating inflammatory signaling via the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB axis. In oncology, it is studied as an adjunct to immune checkpoint inhibitors, where it appears to enhance therapeutic sensitivity through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, and as a supportive care agent to reduce chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity.
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