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BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a live attenuated vaccine derived from *Mycobacterium bovis*, traditionally used for tuberculosis prevention and bladder cancer treatment. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, UMC Utrecht and Radboudumc investigated its potential to provide non-specific protection against SARS-CoV-2 through a mechanism known as "trained immunity." This process involves the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, such as monocytes and natural killer cells, to enhance their response to subsequent unrelated infections. The Phase 3 BCG-CORONA trial (part of the international BRACE trial) evaluated whether BCG vaccination could reduce absenteeism and severe illness among healthcare workers. However, results published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2023 indicated that the vaccine did not significantly protect against symptomatic COVID-19 in this population.
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