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Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a small molecule endogenous ketone body produced in the liver from fatty acids during periods of low carbohydrate intake (such as fasting or ketogenic diets). It serves as an alternative energy source for peripheral tissues when glucose is scarce. Beyond its metabolic role as an energy carrier (converted to acetyl-CoA and then ATP), it also acts as a signaling molecule with effects on gene expression (notably via histone deacetylase inhibition), lipid metabolism, neuronal function (including upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and inflammation suppression through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is being investigated in clinical trials for conditions such as Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, COVID-19 infection risk reduction and has been studied for potential benefits in neurological diseases like epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease[1][2][3][5][6].
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