butorphanol

Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic classified as an opioid agonist-antagonist. It is primarily used to manage moderate to severe pain in humans and animals. Butorphanol acts as a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor and a full agonist at the kappa-opioid receptor, resulting in analgesia by altering pain perception within the central nervous system. Its unique pharmacological profile allows it to provide pain relief while also antagonizing some effects of pure mu-opioid agonists like morphine. Butorphanol is available in several formulations including nasal spray and injectable solutions; it can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or via nasal spray. In addition to its use for general pain management, it may be used during labor or surgery and has veterinary applications as an analgesic and antitussive[1][2][3][4][5][7].

Brand names

StadolTorbutrolTorbugesicDolorex

Other names

butorphanol tartrate