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Calpeptin is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of calpains, specifically targeting calpain 1 (μ-calpain) and calpain 2 (m-calpain). While primarily characterized as a cysteine protease inhibitor, it is widely utilized in cell biology research as an indirect activator of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. This activation occurs because calpeptin inhibits the calpain-mediated cleavage of proteins that regulate RhoA, thereby promoting RhoA activity and its downstream effector, Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). Research has demonstrated that calpeptin-induced ROCK activity can regulate the Hippo signaling pathway by increasing the nuclear localization of Yap and the expression of Yap-regulated genes. It has been investigated in preclinical models for its role in mitigating radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction (hyposalivation) and other conditions involving cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular polarity.
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