carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and a lipid-soluble protonophore. It acts by transporting protons across biological membranes, specifically the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby dissipating the proton electrochemical gradient and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). This action uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis, leading to a rapid increase in oxygen consumption as the respiratory chain attempts to compensate, while simultaneously inhibiting the production of ATP. FCCP is widely utilized in cell biology and bioenergetics research as a standard tool to assess maximal mitochondrial respiration and spare respiratory capacity, often using extracellular flux analysis. Additionally, it is used to induce mitophagy and study reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Experimental studies have also explored its potential to inhibit viral replication, such as Dengue virus, by interfering with endosomal acidification.

Other names

4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazonopropanedinitrileMesoxalonitrile (4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)hydrazonep-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone