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CD19 CAR-T cells represent a class of adoptive cell therapy where a patient's own T cells are genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) designed to recognize and bind to the CD19 protein, which is commonly found on the surface of B cells. This binding activates the CAR-T cells, leading to the targeted destruction of CD19-positive cells. The therapy is primarily developed for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Additionally, it is being investigated for refractory autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, and systemic sclerosis, where the depletion of pathogenic B cells is a therapeutic goal. The CAR construct typically incorporates an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for antigen recognition and intracellular signaling domains, often including costimulatory domains like CD28 and/or 4-1BB to enhance T-cell activation, proliferation, and persistence.
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