chemotherapy + immune checkpoint inhibitors + bevacizumab

This is a combination regimen consisting of standard chemotherapy agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and bevacizumab. Chemotherapy refers to cytotoxic drugs that kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies targeting proteins such as PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 to enhance the body's immune response against tumors. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thereby blocking angiogenesis and tumor blood supply. This combination leverages the direct cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, the immunomodulatory effects of ICIs, and antiangiogenic activity from bevacizumab for synergistic antitumor efficacy. It has been studied in several cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), cervical cancer, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)[1][2][3][4][5].