Cpd36

Cpd36 is a small molecule inhibitor of galactokinase-1 (GALK1), an enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism that is frequently overexpressed in bladder cancer (BCa). By targeting GALK1, Cpd36 effectively reduces the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BCa cells. Its mechanism of action involves the induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest, which is associated with the downregulation of Cyclin D1 and the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Furthermore, Cpd36 triggers apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the downregulation of AKT signaling. Preclinical research has demonstrated that Cpd36 exhibits strong synergistic anticancer effects when used in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin and gemcitabine, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option for managing bladder cancer.