cyclosporin-A + ketorolac

Cyclosporin-A + ketorolac is a combination of two pharmaceutical agents used primarily in ophthalmology, particularly for the management of chronic dry eye disease. Cyclosporin-A is an immunosuppressant that inhibits T-cell activation by binding to cyclophilin and subsequently inhibiting calcineurin, leading to reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts as a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), thereby reducing prostaglandin synthesis and providing analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination has been studied as an adjunctive regimen during the induction phase of cyclosporin-A therapy for dry eye disease, where it has been shown to improve patient comfort and reduce corneal staining compared to cyclosporin-A monotherapy[1][5]. This approach may help increase compliance by alleviating initial discomfort associated with cyclosporin-A use.